B.7 Identify and distinguish among unconditioned, conditioned, and generalized reinforcers

Reinforcers are stimuli that increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. They can be categorized into three main types: unconditioned reinforcers, conditioned reinforcers, and generalized reinforcers.

Unconditioned Reinforcers (UR) Reinforcers that are naturally rewarding and do not require prior learning. They are tied to basic biological needs. Examples: Food Water Sleep Sex These reinforcers are essential for survival and are universally reinforcing without requiring any learning.

Conditioned Reinforcers (CR) Stimuli that become reinforcing through association with unconditioned reinforcers or other conditioned reinforcers. Examples: Money (associated with access to food, shelter, or other needs) A toy (associated with enjoyment or social interaction) A cell phone (associated with communication or entertainment) These reinforcers are learned and depend on the individual’s experience and associations.

Generalized Reinforcers Conditioned reinforcers that are associated with multiple other reinforcers, making them versatile in their application. Examples: Money (used to access a variety of goods and services) Reward points (redeemable for multiple types of items or experiences) Tokens in a token economy

🔑Key Notes🔑

1. Reinforcers can be positive or negative:

   • Positive Reinforcers: Add something desirable (e.g., praise, a toy).

   • Negative Reinforcers: Remove something undesirable (e.g., canceling homework after good behavior).

2. Reinforcement encourages behavior: Whether through unconditioned, conditioned, or generalized reinforcers, the goal is to increase desirable behaviors.